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人类在火星上登陆的一个主要障碍已经被克服：钻探水源。_我的网站

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一 | During a training exercise in the ocean on Sunday, a lifeguard from Long Island, who was playing a victim, was attacked by a shark, the local media reported.,The lifeguard reportedly fought the animal off with his bare hands. During his scary encounter with the 4- to 5-foot-long (1.2-1.5 m) shark, Smith Point Beach lifeguard Zack Gallo was bit in the chest and right hand, Suffolk County Executive Steve Bellone reportedly stated at a news conference.,"He was playing the role of a victim, and in the midst of that, actually became a victim when this shark bite occurred,” the official noted.,Bellone reportedly claimed that Gallo defeated the shark by "punching down" on it. According to the report, the lifeguard's hand injuries "occurred as he was beating off the shark," and after that interaction ended.",The lifeguard reportedly was "bleeding significantly" when other guards who were already in the water for the exercise raced to aid him, but the victim surprisingly managed to get out of the water unaided.,After being bandaged, the injured lifeguard was brought to a nearby hospital.,“Fortunately, he is doing well,’’ the official said. “He’s in very good spirits at Southside Hospital … getting some stitches.",The attack caused the beach to be closed. Later, the same shark may have been spotted by police using a drone to monitor the ocean, according to the report, but the authorities could not determine if it was the same shark or not.,Even more to the news about sharks getting dangerously close is that Cupsogue, a second beach east of Smith Point, was also reportedly closed on Sunday "due to dangerous marine activity.",On July 1, a 57-year-old swimmer in the area of Jones Beach in Nassau County experienced a "possible shark bite," the police said. This incident prompted the authorities to increase beach patrols ahead of Fourth of July.,Shark attacks on Long Island are "very rare," but recently they have reportedly become more frequent. More shark sightings have occurred in the last two years than in the prior ten years combined.,Two Women Killed in Shark Attack Off Egypt's Red Sea CoastYesterday, 13:00 GMT。据《北京时间》1月9日报道，第一批登上火星的宇航员面临的最大障碍之一是缺水。人们需要水来喝，农作物需要水来生长，甚至制造火箭燃料返回地球。因此，缺乏可用的液态水是人类登陆火星的主要障碍。

二 | 但是火星上有很多冰。美国宇航局的一项新研究表明，我们可以在冰上钻孔，以获得足够的水来维持火星上的人类生命。

三 | 去年，在火星表面下发现了冰川，这一重大发现为第一批宇航员登陆火星提供了“取之不尽，用之不竭”的水。

四 | 研究人员说，在火星上的8个地方发现了地下冰川，有些位于地表以下几英尺（1米）的深处，还有一些位于地表以下100米或更深处。研究人员分析了火星勘测轨道飞行器收集的数据，发现地下冰川的成分“几乎是纯冰”。美国宇航局的一项研究模拟了钻冰和融化冰从冰川中取水的过程。德克萨斯州航空航天公司（Aerospace Corporation）的高级执行官斯蒂芬霍夫曼（Stephen Hoffman）领导的研究人员说：“火星表面曾经有很多水，但现在人们一致认为火星表面非常干燥。

五 | 几项研究表明，火星的许多地方都有丰富的水资源，包括那些被认为是人类在火星上登陆的替代着陆点的地方。如果这些水资源可以用于载人登陆火星，那么执行这些任务的方式将发生巨大变化。研究小组考虑使用一个名为罗德井的水库，这个水库是在20世纪60年代发明的，并被用于在偏远地区提供水源，例如阿蒙森-斯科特南极勘测站。

六 | 研究小组写道：“对现有的从地下冰川中提取水的技术进行评估，我们发现了一种可以从火星中提取水的技术：在火星冰川覆盖的表面上钻孔，加热冰以形成地下水库。”罗德井的原理是从表面钻孔，钻孔进入冰中，通过融化冰形成一个水库，然后从水库中提取水。通过不断加热储液罐，可以获得稳定的液态水。在火星上，一口罗德井一天能产生380升的水。这相当于美国人每天人均用水量，但大约是国际空间站宇航员用水量的10倍。研究人员说，火星探测器可以改装成具有钻井能力。根据最近在《科学》杂志上发表的一篇文章，尽管冰在火星上早已为人所知，但更好地了解冰的深度和分布对于未来载人登陆火星至关重要。亚利桑那大学月球和行星实验室的研究员肖恩·伯恩说：“水对任何地方的人来说都是必不可少的，随身携带是非常不方便的。”“以前，我们设想在火星上获取水的方法是从空气或岩石中获取水，”伯恩说。现在，我们想象从火星表面以下的冰中获取水。不需要高科技的解决方案，只要一桶水就够了。